Nutrient requirements of different crops

Almond production

Nutrient requirements for a yield goal of 7 ton/ha:

N - 83 kg/ha, p - 40 kg/ha, K - 100 kg/ha, Ca - 70 kg/ha, Mg - 16 kg/ha

Celery production

Nutrient requirements for a yield goal of 80 ton/ha:

N - 185 kg/ha, P - 60 kg/ha, K - 450 kg/ha, Ca - 145 Kg/ha, Mg - 12 kg/ha

Eggplant production

Nutrient requirements for a yield goal of 40 ton/ha:

N - 207 kg/ha, P - 20 kg/ha, K - 330 kg/ha, Ca - 40 kg/ha, Mg - 24 kg/ha

Garlic production

Nutrient requirements for a yield goal of 9.8 ton/ha:

N - 142 kg/ha, P - 24 kg/ha, K - 105 kg/ha, Ca - 57 kg/ha, Mg - 9 kg/ha

Onion production

Nutrient requirements for a yield goal of 40 ton/ha:

N - 155 kg/ha , P - 60 kg/ha, K - 132 kg/ha, Ca - 52 kg/ha, Mg - 20 kg/ha

Orange production

Nutrient requirements for a yield goal of 40 ton/ha:

N - 135 kg/ha, P - 16 kg/ha, K - 110 kg/ha, Ca - 90 kg/ha, Mg - 12 kg/ha

Peas production

Nutrient requirements for a yield goal of 10 ton/ha:

N- 125 kg/ha, P - 20 kg/ha, K - 105 kg/ha, Ca - 45 kg/ha, Mg - 37 kg/ha 

Potato production

Nutrient requirements for a yield goal of 40 ton/ha:

N - 170 kg/ha, P - 22 kg/ha, K - 220 kg/ha, Ca - 30 kg/ha, Mg - 28 kg/ha

Rice production

Nutrient requirements for a yield goal of 9.8 ton/ha:

N- 217 kg/ha, P - 68 kg/ha, K - 256 kg/ha, Ca - 27 kg/ha, Mg - 23 kg/ha 

Tomato production

Greenhouse tomato

Requerimientos nutricionales para un rendimiento esperado de 154 ton/ha:

N - 370 kg/ha, P - 63 kg/ha, K - 560 kg/ha, Ca - 205 kg/ha, Mg - 67 kg/ha

Table tomato - open field

Requerimientos nutricionales para un rendimiento esperado de 60 ton/ha:

N - 136 kg/ha, P - 24 kg/ha, K - 192 kg/ha, Ca - 240 kg/ha, Mg - 22 kg/ha

Hidroponic tomato

N - 245 ppm, P - 39 ppm, K - 400 ppm, Ca - 240 ppm, Mg - 55 ppm

Black Mold Disease of Onions

Black mold occurs in both colored and white onions in the field, during transit, and at storage. The causal fungus attacks many fruits and vegetables through wounds or during ripening.

Symptoms and Damage
Among the symptoms of black mold are black discolorations on the bulb and shallow lesions on the outer scales. Streaks of black mycelia and spores develop beneath the outer dry scales. In the advanced stage of the disease, the entire surface of the bulb turns black.

Cause
Aspergillus niger Tiegh.

Management Practices
Cure the onion bulbs quickly and provide good ventilation. Store in a cool place and not in boxes or bags.
Harvest the bulbs at maturity. Cure the onions quickly.
Storage condition should be cool and dry, with good ventilation.
Do not store bulbs in boxes or bags. Store the bulbs at 1-10oC.
Avoid bruising of bulbs during harvest, storage, and transit.

Source
PhilRice, 2007. Integrated Pest Management in Rice-Vegetable Cropping Systems. Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.

Metzerplas

Doesn't this make sense to you?

Pangilinan wants farmers, fishers insured

Senator Francis Pangilinan asked the government to allocate a higher budget in insuring the production of farmers and fisherfolk amid the onslaught of natural calamities.
“There is an urgent need to include in the national budget crop insurance for our farmers, and also insurance for our fisherfolk. Every year we are ravaged by typhoons and the subsequent floods and destruction that go with them,” Pangilinan, chairman of the Senate committee on agriculture and food, said.

Read more......

Farmers turn to sewage to irrigate vegetable crops

By Imran Rana

Published: July 10, 2012

A DIRTY DEAL: 40% is the cost reduction in growing vegetables if they are irrigated with sewage, as compared to standard practices.

FAISALABAD: According to reports, farmers – particularly small landholders – have taken to using sewage water to increase crop productivity. Agricultural experts say that wastewater is fast becoming a cheap alternative to expensive fertilizers.

Agriculturists contend that the use of effluent has increased crop yields by up to 25%. Given such claims, most small farmers prefer wastewater for vegetable fields in place of expensive pesticides and fertilizers.

Farmers, while talking to The Express Tribune, added that tube well irrigation is fast becoming a ‘dream’ for agriculturalists because of the high price of fuel needed to power them. “The government is not giving farmers any incentives, as they do in India,” they complained.

Farmer Arshad Mahmood revealed that market prices of agricultural land with access to a source of effluent are much higher, as compared to without it. He also informed that the use of wastewater lessens the cost of production by a whopping 40%. “After irrigating fields with wastewater, crops do not need pesticides and fertilizers,” he said.

“Vegetables need frequent watering for growth, but there is no electricity to run tube wells. The only source available is to draw water using diesel pumps, which is unaffordable for small farmers,” he claimed.

Sewage contains certain essential nutrients like nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, which are essential to grow crops.

Meanwhile, medical experts have warned that increasing use of sewage for irrigation purposes poses significant health risks for the human beings who consume produce from such farms.

Dr Shafqat Ali – an MBBS doctor – said that ‘food poisoning’ complaints arise when humans consume food from land irrigated by polluted water, which he says contains bacteria, parasites, viruses, toxins and carcinogens; along with the nutrients that attract farmers to their use.

He added that the incidence of such diseases increases when vegetable crops are fed wastewater and pesticides; however, merely the overuse of fertilizer also carries significant health risks.

“Farmers using wastewater fail to follow minimum standards for safety requirements for foods meant for human consumption. To irrigate agricultural land with municipal or industrial sewage causes serious diseases and harms the health of human beings,” said Punjab Agriculture Department District Officer Chaudhry Hameed, while concurring with Dr Ali.

He added that such practices are usually employed by vegetable farmers. “The easy availability of wastewater allows farmers to economically grow crops. Effluent provides both moisture and nutrients to vegetables, resulting in good yields and a lower cost of production,” Hameed informed.

Published in The Express Tribune, July 10^th, 2012.

More than a million people are getting ‘Fooducated’-8-Jul-2012

More than a million people are getting ‘Fooducated’-8-Jul-2012

FAO World Water Day - reuse and recycling of water

 

Drip Irrigation to Solve Famine in the Sahel?

 

 

Posted by Tasha Eichenseher of National Geographic in Water Currents on September 1, 2010

Local vegetable markets in Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso, and Senegal, could be flush with produce, despite drought conditions, thanks to a new agricultural system that combines efficient irrigation with new varieties of plants, according to scientists speaking today at the African Green Revolution Forum in Accra, Ghana. (News via press release.)

Photograph of boys harvesting lettuce in the village of Yelou in Niger by Dov Pasternak.

Drought has plagued Africa’s Sahel region for decades, threatening nearly half of Niger’s population, estimated at seven million, with starvation this year. The majority of food grown in the Sahel is from subsistence farms that rely on rain.

Several agricultural nonprofits announced today they will work with locals to implement the new system, called the African Market Garden, on more than 7,000 small farms in 100 locations in the Sahel.

The effort comes after more than eight years of research and the successful management of African Market Gardens on 3,000 farms, according to scientists from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), and the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC).

Dov Pasternak, with the Niger branch of ICRISAT explains that farmers and local markets aren’t able to keep pace with rapid population growth and urbanization, in part because of inefficient water use.

In traditional small-scale agriculture in the Sahel, irrigation can take up to eight hours a day as water is hauled from local sources, such as the Niger, Senegal, and Chari Rivers. The new system replaces manual irrigation with a solar-powered pump that delivers water to drip irrigation systems from the rivers.

Funding comes from various international NGOs and foundations, as well as through the development of farm cooperatives in the region.

Photograph of women harvesting leafy greens in Kalale-Benin by Dov Pasternak.

Tasha Eichenseher is the Environment Producer and Editor for National Geographic Digital Media. She has covered water issues for a wide range of media outlets, including E,The Environmental Magazine, Environmental Science & Technology online news, Greenwire, Green Guide, and National Geographic News.

Drip Irrigation Expanding Worldwide

Drip Irrigation Expanding Worldwide

nishu's garden: Seed Germination Process

nishu's garden: Seed Germination Process:        M ost of the people prefer buying pre-matured saplings from outside.   But, enjoying the yield starting from a seed to fruit/veget...

Irrigation Water Use Efficiency

Observant offers a simple and cost-effective system that provides the information and control you need for more efficient water use when managing crops and pasture.

Purpose built for Australian agriculture, the Observant system helps you to monitor water usage and minimize loss, better manage irrigation schedules and help improve river health.

Run it all from your computer — turn pumps on and off, access accurate metering and soil moisture data, and quickly identify equipment breakdowns. You can keep an eye on your entire irrigation system from wherever you are.

A single system approach to water management

Observant integrates with your irrigation equipment, such as pumps, flow meters, soil moisture probes and weather stations. You’ll find AquaSpy®, MACE™, NOV Mono®, Sentek, Vaisala, Yanmar™ and many more on our expanding list of supported equipment. Observant is a single system that provides an easy alternative to multiple, independent telemetry products.

Easy to install, and easy to manage

Equipment is designed for simple self-installation, or your reseller can provide a full service. The easy to use software makes it simple to view recorded data and set up your alerts. If you need help, the Observant Customer Service team is just a phone call away.

Real-time access to vital information

You’ll have access to precise, current information on the road or at home to help you make informed decisions about the way you manage your water. It’s easy to securely share the relevant data with your partners.

Save time while you safeguard your assets

Because you can monitor your irrigation assets from your computer, you won’t spend as much time making trips to check equipment. If there’s a problem you’ll be alerted, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, so you can take care of it before it results in a costly repair bill or water wastage.

Designed in Australia, for Australian agriculture

Observant understands the challenges that make Australian agriculture unique, and has designed this robust equipment to handle the toughest conditions. The results have been consistently proven in the field.

Act now to start saving time, water and money

Many customers have already achieved significant savings, and taken advantage of government schemes. Observant products are of the highest quality, easy to use and are supported by local irrigation experts. Please ask your local reseller for a quote.

Israeli miracle in the Colombian desert

They said it couldn't be done, but a group of Israeli agricultural experts have succeeded in helping local Colombian farmers grow potatoes in a harsh desert environment.

"From this desert you might receive stones, but not potatoes," that's what local farmers in Colombia's northern La Guajira desert said when presented with an Israeli proposal to grow potatoes in the region.

A year later, Israeli know-how and technology has won the day, and produced nothing short of a miracle as local farmers have harvested 11 tons of potatoes from the desert.

La Guajira is a coal-producing region, and the company that processes most of that coal financed the potato project as a world-first experiment to get the tubers to grow in a desert climate. Typically, potatoes only grow in cooler climates where the soil has sufficient moisture. The success in La Guajira is considered a world-first for potato farming in dry, hot climates.

The project was the brain-child of Isaac Gilinski, a Colombian Jewish businessman who is currently serving as Colombia's ambassador to Israel. 

The son of Israeli immigrants, Gilinski knew well of Israel's agricultural prowess and, with the help of Israeli agricultural expert Avi Nachmias, determined to bring that expertise to his country. Nachmias and others trained local Colombian farmers and helped install an Israeli irrigation system.

Officials from the Israeli Embassy in Bogota who visited the new La Guajira potato farms said, "The locals were in shock over this miracle. The farmers here are very conservative by nature, so it was not easy for them to break old habits and try something new. But from their point of view, this was a tremendous success, since a local potato harvest will create a lot of new income."

Colombian officials are reportedly eager to repeat what they call the successful Israeli project in other parts of the country.

About drip Irrigation and installing drip irrigation system

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What is drip irrigation

A Brief History of micro irrigation
Drip irrigation, sometimes referred to as micro irrigation or trickle irrigation, has its roots in agriculture. In many parts of the world with limited water supplies drip irrigation was one of the few options available for irrigation. Its development depended on advancements in polyethylene tubing, and its growth was most rapid in arid and drought-plagued regions. Beginning in the late 1960's farmers discovered that by using drip irrigation they could increase yields while lowering water use. The 80's saw drip irrigation making the transition into commercial landscape, with mixed success; in today's market, however, drip irrigation is well trusted and used extensively in agriculture, and is actively utilized in commercial landscape and residential garden sites, providing a possible solution to some of our water management problems.

What is Drip Irrigation?
Drip irrigation is the slow, precise application of water and nutrients directly to the plants' root zones in a predetermined pattern using a point source. A drip irrigation, micro irrigation or trickle irrigation design can be customized to meet specific needs while maintaining an optimum moisture level within the root zones, efficiently conserving water that might otherwise be lost to non-growth areas, runoff, sun or wind, and providing the proper balance of water and air needed for successful plant growth. These benefits can be useful for any residential, commercial or agricultural installation, and may be critical for cities and municipalities that face water restrictions while aspiring to maintain or expand their green areas.

At the present time and as long as water is inexpensive, irrigation inefficiency and over-watering may be overlooked. Once water supply is low due to a drought and water restrictions are applied, the inefficiencies of a poorly designed and installed irrigation system quickly become apparent. For an irrigation system to be successful, it must include proper design, correct installation, the right component selection, the proper layout, and equally important, appropriate maintenance. One of the main advantages of drip irrigation systems over conventional irrigation systems is the flexibility to adapt to any layout above or below grade, in any location. This feature allows users and installers to customize an irrigation system to meet a specific need for a wide range of irrigation requirements.

Unlike drippers or drip emitters, "micro sprinklers" throw the water over a wide area, and are designed to be used in areas where drip emitters are not practical, such as large areas of groundcover and flowerbeds. Micro sprinklers offer many of the same benefits as drip emitters. Using low volume irrigation offers key advantages and benefits to both contractors and homeowners.

Conventional irrigation systems using sprinklers or bubblers are rated in gallons per minute (GPM). Drip irrigation, micro irrigation or trickle irrigationflow rates are in gallons per hour (GPH), such as 1 GPH or 2 GPH drip emitters. For example a popup sprinkler used on a lawn may be rated at 1 to 3 GPM (gallons per minute), or 60 to 180 GPH (gallons per hour) while drip emitters are rated at 1-4 GPH (gallon per hour) and micro sprinklers may be rated from 5 to 45 GPH (gallons per hour).

With conventional watering systems, water may be lost through runoff, low system uniformity and high rate of evaporation, blown away by wind or wasted on non-growth areas. Using drip irrigation water is absorbed slowly into the soil and directly into the root zone. No water is wasted on non-growth areas. By placing the drip emitters just at the plant root zone you can water using much less water and with better efficiency. This irrigation method allows the water to move deeper into the soil, encouraging deeper root growth.  In addition, the low flow of drip system enables watering of large areas using a single water source.

Another advantage of using a low flow drip irrigation system is that high pressure is not required to supply water to the drippers and micro sprinklers. Most drip systems operate at about 15 to 30 PSI (pounds per square inch), while the average home has water pressures of anywhere from 40 PSI to 80 PSI. Consequently, with a drip system, you will not notice a drop in pressure when the system is operating. 

Also, operating under low pressure allows drip irrigation systems to use drip tubing, drip emitters, drip fittings and other components that do not require glue, clamps or hard-to-connect components. In fact, most components of a drip system can be moved or reused. This is explained in more depth in other sections.

Advantages and Benefits of Drip Irrigation System

• Water Efficiency:
  By applying water only where and when it is needed, with less runoff and less evaporation from leaves and soil, the uniform application of water from drip irrigation systems can achieve high water savings.

• Ease of Installation:
  The system can be installed without special tools or glue, and with limited knowledge, making the installation a very simple process.

• Reduced Pest Problems and Weed Growth:
  Watering only the roots of your plants with drip irrigation cuts down on water-borne pests and fungal diseases that spread by water movement, as well as the germination of weeds in the area between your plants.

• Versatility:
  Low volume irrigation systems are designed for placement in both new and existing landscape areas, and are ideal for installation on difficult terrain such as on slopes, in oddly shaped areas, and on windy sites.

• Root Zone:
  One benefit of a drip irrigation system is the creation of a totally new and more favorable root zone environment because of the maintenance of a relatively constant soil moisture level. This has important implications for plant water requirements, tolerance and control of disease.

• Economy:
  Investing in a low volume irrigation system can save you money and significantly lower your water use.

Disadvantages of Drip Irrigation

No serious introduction to drip irrigation would be complete without a look at the disadvantages associated with its use:

• The drip tubing can be susceptible to damage from rodents, and household pets.
• A filter is required to guard against potential clogging of the small water passages of the drip emitters and micro sprinklers.
• You cannot see a drip system working as you can see a conventional sprinkler system.
• Each drip emitter creates a wetted area around each plant, so watering is more critical in replacing the water used by the plant to avoid stress.

There are other details about drip irrigation that make it the sensible way to water your landscape area. Here we have provided only a broad overview. To see all the details scroll back up to our main help menu and check out the other sections.

Pests in the Garden

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Europe: Reducing flooding by storing water on top of greenhouses

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A thriving fish industry... in the Israeli desert